Citric acid is a naturally occurring compound. what orbitals are used to form each indicated bond? be sure to answer all parts.

Answer : The orbitals that are used to form each indicated bond in citric acid is given below as per the attachment.

Answer 1) σ Bond a: C  O .

Explanation : The sigma bonds in the 'a' position involves carbon atom which undergoes hybridisation and has orbitals of carbon and as well as oxygen atoms involved in the bonding.

Answer 2) π Bond a: C has π orbitals and  O also has π  orbitals.

Explanation : The pi-bond at the 'a'position has carbon and oxygen atoms which undergoes pi-bond formation. And has pi orbitals of oxygen and carbon involved in the bonding process.

Answer 3) Bond b: O  H has only S orbital involved in bonding.

Explanation : The bonding at 'b' position involves oxygen and hydrogen atoms in it. It has hybridized orbitals and S orbital of hydrogen involved in the bonding.

Answer 4) Bond c:   C O

Explanation : The bonding involved at 'c' position has carbon and oxygen atoms involved in it. Both the atoms involves the orbitals of hybridized bonds.

Answer 5) Bond d:   C  C

Explanation : The bonding involved at the position of 'd' involves two carbon atoms. Therefore, they undergo hybridization. The orbitals involved in this hybridization are also .

Answer 6) Bond e:  C1 containing O    C2

Explanation : The bonding at the 'e' position involves two carbon atoms on is containing oxygen with double bonds and the C2 carbon atom. The carbon containing oxygen has hybridized orbitals involved in the bonding; whereas C2 carbon ha orbitals.

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