"an organism that is closely related to the group you're interested in, but not a part of it. a way to establish a basis of comparison for an trait analysis." this is a definition of:

The correct answer is:  Out-group.

Explanation:

In sociology and social psychology, an out-group represents a group of people an individual does not identify with. On the other hand, an in-group represents the group that the individual feels is part of. The criteria that allow to select the choice of being part of one group over another is diverse. Examples of in-groups are sports team preferences. If an individual is a fan of team "X", that is the in-group. If team "Y" is the rival team, that represents the out-group.

answer; (c) communism and socialism;