Machine X has an initial cost of $12,000 and annual maintenance of $700 per year. It has a useful life of four years and no salvage value at the end of that time. Machine Y costs $22,000 initially and has no maintenance costs during the first year. Maintenance is $200 at the end of the second year and increases by $200 per year thereafter. Machine Y has a useful life of eight years and an anticipated salvage value of $5,000 at the end of its useful life. If the MARR is 6%, what is the approximate Net Present Worth (NPW) of machine X

Wo firms, a and b, each currently dump 50 tons of chemicals into the local river. the government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. it costs firm a $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river, and it costs firm b $50 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. the government gives each firm 20 pollution permits. government officials are not sure whether to allow the firms to buy or sell the pollution permits to each other. what is the total cost of reducing pollution if firms are not allowed to buy and sell pollution permits from each other? what is the total cost of reducing pollution if the firms are allowed to buy and sell permits from each other? a. $3,000; $1,500 b. $4,500; $3,500 c. $4,500; $4,000 d. $4,500; $2,500