Lenny and Laura had a tax liability of $6,131 last year. In addition, they owed other taxes of $464. They were entitled to tax credits of $445 and withholding amounted to $440 per month. Calculate the amount of the refund or the amount of additional taxes due (as the case may be).

Ryan is deciding between attending western state university and eastern state university. he cannot attend both universities simultaneously. both are fine universities, but the reputation of western is slightly higher, as is the tuition. let mu subscript upper e and mu subscript upper w be ryan's marginal utilities from attending eastern and western state universities respectively and upper p subscript upper e and upper p subscript upper w be the prices of attending eastern and western state universities. using the rule of consumer optimum, ryan will decide to attend eastern state university, if mue/pe exceeds muw/pw attend eastern state university if mue/pe is less than muw/pw attend western state university, if pe/mue< pw/muw attend western state university, since it gives him more utility.