Vermontz, an automobile company, pays a film studio to include its new sports car in two scenes of its latest action movie. The company feels this would help them gain maximum visibility, and the fans would also develop a positive association with the brand when they will see their favorite actor using the car in the film. Vermontz's business deal with the film studio exemplifies .

Fortress international, a large conglomerate, procures a few component parts from external suppliers and also manufactures some of the key raw materials in its own subsidiaries. aside from this, the company does not solely depend on outside distributors to reach its customers. in fact, it has its own retail stores to distribute its products. in this scenario, which of the following alternatives to vertical integration is fortress international applying? a. concentric integration b. taper integration c. horizontal integration d. conglomerate integration