In most cases, not-for-profit entities: a. prepare budgets using the same steps as those used by profit-oriented enterprises.
b. know budgeted cash receipts at the beginning of a time period, so they budget only for expenditures.
c. begin the budgeting process by budgeting expenditures rather than receipts.
d. can ignore budgets because they are not expected to generate net income.

c. begin the budgeting process by budgeting expenditures rather than receipts.

Explanation:

In maximum cases, the non-for-profit entities started the budgeting process via budgeting expenses instead of the budgeting receipts as they are qualified for the tax-exemption also their mission & purpose is to provide the benefit to the general public.

So as per the given options, the option c is correct

urban company reports the following information regarding its production cost: units produced 37,000 units direct labor $ 30 per unit direct materials $ 35 per unit variable overhead $ 237,000 in total fixed overhead $ 127,000 in total