One of the problems associated with the utilitarianism is that it does not recognize that taxing those with higher incomes results in less work effort. each individual receives a different marginal benefit from a dollar's worth of income. equity is achieved when there is no poor and no rich. similar individuals should be treated the same.

taxing those with higher incomes results in less work effort.

Explanation:

In normative ethics, utilitarian ethics (utilitarianism) can be defined as a theory of morality or ethical theory that typically involves engaging in actions that facilitate pleasure, joy or happiness while completely opposing any action capable of causing harm and unhappiness.

Basically, utilitarian ethics considers an action to be right or morally correct if it produces genuine happiness or joy in the mind of a large number of people in an organization, group or society.

The three (3) main principles (axioms) of utilitarian ethics (utilitarianism) include the following;

I. The only thing with an intrinsic value is pleasure or happiness.

II. If an action promotes happiness or pleasure, then it is right; it is wrong if it causes harm or unhappiness (sadness).

III. The happiness of everyone in a group or society should count equally.

One of the problems associated with the utilitarianism is that it does not recognize that taxing those with higher incomes results in less work effort.

answer; i believe that (pastoral society) is the correct answer;