Ramon has decided to make a cash gift to the American Heart Association of $113,000. However, he is considering delaying his gift until next year when his AGI will increase to $300,000 and he will be in the 32% income tax bracket, an increase from his current-year income tax bracket of 24%. Assume a 6% discount rate. The present value factors, at a 6% discount rate, are as follows:

Year PV factor at 6%
1 0.9434
3 0.8396
5 0.7473

Ramon asks you to determine the tax savings from the tax deduction in present value terms if he were to make the gift this year, rather than delaying the gift until next year. For purposes of this analysis, ignore the potential impact of the overall limitation on certain itemized deductions.

Total present value of tax savings from the tax deduction if made this year:$
Total present value of tax savings from the tax deduction if made next year: $

Richardson hired j.c. flood company, a plumbing contractor, to correct a stoppage in the sewer line of her house. the plumbing company's 'snake' device, used to clear the line leading to the main sewer, became caught in the underground line. to release it, the company excavated a portion of the sewer line in richardson's backyard. in the process, the company discovered numerous leaks in a rusty, defective water pipe that ran parallel with the sewer line. to meet public regulations, the water pipe, of a type no longer approved for such service, had to be replaced either then or later, when the yard would have to be excavated again. the plumbing company proceeded to repair the water pipe. though richardson inspected the company's work daily and did not express any objection to the extra work involved in replacing the water pipe, she refused to pay any part of the total bill after the company completed the entire operation. j.c. flood company then sued richardson for the costs of labor and material it had furnished. (c) for what, if anything, should richardson be liable? explain."

What are the period and vertical shift of the cosecant function below? period: ; vertical shift: 1 unit up period: ; vertical shift: 2 units up period: ; vertical shift: 1 unit up period: ; vertical shift: 2 units up?

Jamie is saving for a trip to europe. she has an existing savings account that earns 3 percent annual interest and has a current balance of $4,200. jamie doesn’t want to use her current savings for vacation, so she decides to borrow the $1,600 she needs for travel expenses. she will repay the loan in exactly one year. the annual interest rate is 6 percent. a. if jamie were to withdraw the $1,600 from her savings account to finance the trip, how much interest would she forgo? .b. if jamie borrows the $1,600 how much will she pay in interest? c. how much does the trip cost her if she borrows rather than dip into her savings?