The following data are given for Harry Company: Budgeted production 1,079 units Actual production 936 units Materials: Standard price per ounce $1.91 Standard ounces per completed unit 10 Actual ounces purchased and used in production 9,641 Actual price paid for materials $19,764 Labor: Standard hourly labor rate $14.04 per hour Standard hours allowed per completed unit 4.8 Actual labor hours worked 4,820 Actual total labor costs $78,325 Overhead: Actual and budgeted fixed overhead $1,156,000 Standard variable overhead rate $27.00 per standard labor hour Actual variable overhead costs $134,960 Overhead is applied on standard labor hours. (Round interim calculations to the nearest cent.) The direct labor rate variance is

Identify an organization with the low-total-cost value proposition and suggest at least two possible measures within each of the four balanced scorecard perspectives.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Which of the following statements is correct? stockholders should generally be happier than bondholders to have managers invest in risky projects with high potential returns as opposed to safe projects with lower expected returns. potential conflicts between stockholders and bondholders are increased if a firm's bonds are convertible into its common stock. takeovers are most likely to be attempted if the target firm’s stock price is above its intrinsic value. one advantage of operating a business as a corporation is that stockholders can deduct their pro rata share of the taxes the firm pays, thereby eliminating the double taxation investors would face in a partnership.