A customer, age 60, has a fixed annuity contract with a value of $16,000. The cost basis in the contract is $10,000. If the customer withdraws $5,000 and the IRS taxes distributions on a LIFO basis, the tax consequence of a withdrawal will be:

By 2020, automobile market analysts expect that the demand for electric autos will increase as buyers become more familiar with the technology. however, the costs of producing electric autos may increase because of higher costs for inputs (e.g., rare earth elements), or they may decrease as the manufacturers learn better assembly methods (i.e., learning by doing). what is the expected impact of these changes on the equilibrium price and quantity for electric autos?