The graph shows excess demand. A graph titled Excess supply has quantity on the x-axis and price on the y-axis. A line with positive slope represents supply and a line with negative slope represents demand. The lines intersect at the point of equilibrium (p star, Q star). A point on the demand line is (P 2, quantity demanded) and a point on the supply line is (P 2, quantity supplied). Both points are lower than the point of equilibrium. Excess demand is indicated between the 2 points. Which needs to happen in order to stop disequilibrium from occurring? Q needs to be coordinated with supply. Q needs to be coordinated with demand. The price of goods needs to be increased. The price of goods needs to be decreased.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.