According to Victor Vroom, which of the following is not considered a factor that influences motivation?
A,
independence
B.
instrumentality
C.
expectancy
D.
valence

A, independence

Explanation:

Motivation can be defined as the stimulation of individuals to achieve a certain goal.

It can also be said to be the a force that drives the wants, needs, etc of an individual. Motivation have various influencing factors as well as several modes.

Factors that influences motivation include; valence, instrumentality, expectancy, etc.

Modes of motivation include; intrinsic, extrinsic, introjected and identified motivation.

From the above question, independence isn't a factor that influences motivation. This is because independence, according to the dictionary, can be said to be a state of freedom from something.

Freedom does not motivate a person to achieve anything as there will be no pressure or driving force or even an individual to encourage. This makes goals impossible to difficult to achieve.

Cheers.