Because costs will be incurred as a result of unexpected events throughout a year, a.we can budget for the fact that they will occur, even if we cannot predict when they will occur. b.it is impossible to budget for them since we do not know when they will occur. c.it is important to have several credit cards with unused balances in order to best deal with these costs. d.we will always be unprepared for them, simply because they are unexpected.

Suppose an economy consists of three sectors: energy (e), manufacturing (m), and agriculture (a). sector e sells 70% of its output to m and 30% to a. sector m sells 30% of its output to e, 50% to a, and retains the rest. sector a sells 15% of its output to e, 30% to m, and retains the rest.

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

The cost of the beginning work in process inventory was comprised of $3,000 of direct materials, $10,000 of direct labor, and $10,000 of factory overhead. costs incurred during the period were comprised of $15,000 of direct materials costs, and $100,000 of conversion costs. the equivalent units of production (eup) for the period were 9,000 for direct materials and 6,000 for conversion. the costs per eup were: