Cynthia Dudley was a student at Southern Virginia University (SVU). Dudley obtained a loan from Nellie Mae, which included a note by which Dudley agreed to repay the money loaned to the order of Nellie Mae. SVU sued Dudley to collect on the note, but failed to produce the note in court, claiming that it had been lost or destroyed. Dudley responded that if SVU could not produce the note, it could not prove negotiation from Nellie Mae to SVU, and SVU could not collect. Could SVU simply claim the note had been lost or destroyed?

Issued to the joint planning and execution community (jpec) initiates the development of coas; it also requests that the supported ccdr submit a commander's estimate of the situation with a recommended coa to resolve the situation (joint force command and staff participation in the joint operation planning and execution system, page 10)

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Why is efficiency an important economic goal?