3. The country of Boldovia has no unemployment insurance benefits and a tax system that uses only lump-sum taxes. The neighboring country of Moldovia has generous unemployment benefits and a tax system in which residents must pay a percentage of their income. Which country will experience greater variation in real GDP in response to demand shocks, positive and negative? Explain. *

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Identify the level of the literature hierarchy for u.s. gaap to which each item belongs

Inventory by three methods; cost of goods sold the units of an item available for sale during the year were as follows: jan. 1 inventory 20 units at $1,800 may 15 purchase 31 units at $1,950 aug. 7 purchase 13 units at $2,040 nov. 20 purchase 16 units at $2,100 there are 18 units of the item in the physical inventory at december 31. determine the cost of ending inventory and the cost of goods sold by three methods, presenting your answers in the following form: round your final answers to the nearest dollar. cost inventory method ending inventory cost of goods sold a. first-in, first-out method $ $ b. last-in, first-out method $ $ c. weighted average cost method $ $