In economics, what is the meaning of the phrase 'the tragedy of the commons?' Goods that are not rivalrous but are excludable are under‐produced by private markets, often with consequences that reduce social welfare. People will overuse or misuse a common resource that is not excludable but is rivalrous. It serves the common good to produce items that are neither rivalrous nor excludable, but profit‑maximizing firms will not produce such products. In market economies products are often similar and common, so the government must actively attempt to create variety in goods and services. In decisions involving intellectual property rights, policy-makers must compromise in order to reach common ground among competing interest groups.

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Issued to the joint planning and execution community (jpec) initiates the development of coas; it also requests that the supported ccdr submit a commander's estimate of the situation with a recommended coa to resolve the situation (joint force command and staff participation in the joint operation planning and execution system, page 10)

Q3. loral corporation manufactures parts for an aircraft company. it uses a computerized numerical controlled (cnc) machining center to produce a specific part that has a design (nominal) target of 1.275 inches with tolerances of ± 0.020 inch. the cnc process that manufactures these parts has a mean of 1.285 inches and a standard deviation of 0.005 inch. compute the process capability ratio and process capability index, and comment on the overall capability of the process to meet the design specifications.