The American petroleum refining industry has experienced serious productivity declines in the past several years. If the industry is to reverse this trend, companies such as Chevron and ExxonMobil, in addition to the government, must take an active role in stimulating productivity. All of the following represent ways to improve productivity except:

A) change in government policies that hinder productivity.

B) participative management.

C) changing work incentives.

D) increased government regulation.

E) improved relations between union and management.