Ladder Works has debt outstanding with a coupon rate of 6 percent and a yield to maturity of 6.8 percent. What is the aftertax cost of debt if the tax rate is 21 percent

Crowding out is a phenomenon focused upon most by the macroeconomists of whereby a government deficit interest rates, which in turn private investment spending. this group also believed that fiscal policy is the only thing that can lower natural unemployment. is just as effective in countering recessions as monetary policy. can be used most of the time, but monetary policy becomes a better option when velocity is fluctuating. should be used only if the central bank follows a monetary policy rule. faces problematic lags in propagating changes throughout the economy.