Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a functional organization? a. Resources are easily shared between departments and projects. b. Everyone in the organization reports up through one and only one supervisor. c. There are clear lines of authority according to type of work. d. Staff is grouped by areas of specialization.

Each of the following scenarios is based on facts in anactual fraud. categorize each scenario as primarily indicating (1) anincentive to commit fraud, (2) an opportunity to commit fraud, or(3) a rationalization for committing fraud. also state your reasoningfor each scenario.a. there was intense pressure to keep the corporation ' stock from declining further. this pressure came from investors, analysts,and the ceo, whose financial well-being was significantly dependent on the corporation ' s stock price.b. a group of top-level management was compensated (mostly in the form of stock-options) well in excess of what would be considered normal for their positions in this industry.c. top management of the company closely guards internal financial information, to the extent that even some employees on a “need-to-know basis” are denied full access.d. managing specific financial ratios is very important to the company, and both management and analysts are keenly observant of variability in key ratios. key ratios for the company changed very little even though the ratios for the overall industry were quite volatile during the time period.e. in an effort to reduce certain accrued expenses to meet budget targets, the cfo directs the general accounting department to reallocate a division’s expenses by a significant amount. the general accounting department refuses to acquiesce to the request, but the journal entry is made trough the corporate office. an accountant in the general accounting department is uncomfortable with the journal entries required to reallocate divisional expenses. he brings his concerns to the cfo, who assures him that everything will be fine and that the entries are necessary. the accountant considers resigning, but he does not have another job lined up and is worried about supporting his family. therefore, he never voices his concerns to either the internal or external auditors.f. accounting records were either nonexistent or in a state of such disorganization that significant effort was required to locate or compile them.

Differentiate between the trait, behavioral, and results-based performance appraisal systems, providing an example where each would be most applicable.

At the beginning of 2014, winston corporation issued 10% bonds with a face value of $2,000,000. these bonds mature in five years, and interest is paid semiannually on june 30 and december 31. the bonds were sold for $1,852,800 to yield 12%. winston uses a calendar-year reporting period. using the effective-interest method of amortization, what amount of interest expense should be reported for 2014? (round your answer to the nearest dollar.)