The government has the ability to influence the level of output in the short run using monetary and fiscal policy. There is some disagreement as to whether the government should attempt to stabilize the economy.

Which of the following are arguments in favor of active stabilization policy by the government? Check all that apply.

a. Shifts in aggregate demand are often the result of waves of pessimism or optimism among consumers and businesses.
b. The Fed can effectively respond to excessive pessimism by expanding the money supply and lowering interest rates.
c. Changes in government purchases and taxation must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president.
d. Businesses make investment plans many months in advance.

Which of the following are examples of automatic stabilizers? Check all that apply.

a. Unemployment insurance benefits
b. Personal income taxes
c. The discount rate