The four elements are a. common mission, coordinated effort, specialization, and hierarchy of authority b. common value, coordination, division of labor, and scalar chain of authority c. common purpose, coordinated effort, division of labor, and hierarchy of authority

The four common elements of an organization include (D) common purpose, coordinated effort, division of labor, and hierarchy of authority.

Explanation:

The organizational psychologist  Edgar Schein  proposed four common elements of an organization’s structure namely

If we see from  the point of view of a manager  the day to day operations operations of an organization can be made  successful by instilling a common purpose,which result in  coordinated effort across the organization  and then the work is allocated on the basis of the specialization of the staff and the hierarchy of authority is also defined

ans.

heterothermic organisms include those organisms that can switch between homeothermic (having body temperature higher than environment) and poikilothermic (having variation in internal body temperature) strategies.

some migratory birds show heterothermy as they decrease their metabolic rate during cold nights to keep their body temperature low. drop in metabolic rate allows increase in production efficiency of birds that reduces the internal body temperature to make it equal to external cold temperature during cold nights.

thus, the correct answer is 'birds allow their temperature drop in order to increase their production efficiency.'

i think the answer to your question is b. directive