Which of the following is not a precondition for causation? a. all of these are preconditions for causation b. appropriate time order of occurrence c. correlation d. elimination of other possible causal factors e. the effect variable

The correct answer is e. the effect variable.

Explanation:

Every hypothesis is a certain cause and effect relationship that is presumed as an answer or solution to a research problem. The causes and effects are contained in propositions called "variables". The “independent” variables are the supposed causes, while the “dependent” variables are the possible effects. The independent variable is capable of being manipulated by the researcher. Dependents are the result of manipulating independent variables in that they receive their effects.

The intervening variables are those that can modify the cause and effect relationship between the independent and the dependent, producing effects in the latter, that is, they alter and influence the values of the dependent variable.

In summary:

- Independent variable is one that within the established relationship does not depend on any other (although it could be dependent on another problem).

- Dependent variable is one whose values depend on those assumed by another variable (the independent or cause)

- Intervening variable, is that factor that intervenes between two variables

modifying or altering with its content the relationships that exist between these two elements.

answer/// equals both average variable cost and average total cost at their respective minimums;