Colleges and universities use such things as grade point averages and standardized test scores as Group of answer choices
1. a measure of consumer utility.
2. non-price rationing devices.
3. a means to shift the supply curve for a college education.
4. solely to frustrate prospective students.

Asupermarket has been experiencing long lines during peak periods of the day. the problem is noticeably worse on certain days of the week, and the peak periods are sometimes different according to the day of the week. there are usually enough workers on the job to open all cash registers. the problem is knowing when to call some of the workers stocking shelves up to the front to work the checkout counters. how might decision models the supermarket? what data would be needed to develop these models?