Aspen Integrated Marketing used to have a strict hierarchical structure, with the information given only to those who required it. The new chief executive officer, however, set up a flat organizational structure that eliminates barriers to information flow. Information that was previously available to managers alone is now given to employees as well. He also assigned mentors to new employees to help them in their jobs and enable them to perform better. At Aspen Integrated Marketing, information that was previously available to managers alone is now given to workers as well. This is an example of
a. a boundary organization.
b. horizontal communication.
c. decentralized management.
d. open-book management.
e. unity of command.