An intervening force, which happens after the defendant's negligent act and contributes to the plaintiff's injury, can excuse the defendant from liability if it: could have been anticipated. was proximate. was unforeseeable. was an intentional tort and not an unintentional one.

was unforeseeable.

Explanation:intervening force are forces which makes the injury of tbe plaintiff worse

dependent intervening forces and,

independent intervening forces.

This is a normal response by third person due to defendant's negligence. This forces occurs directly and are considered foreseeable and can't excuse a defendant from being liable.

The example of dependent intervening forces:

checking forces,

rescue forces,

escape forces and,

other response forces.

This for example when a plaintiff get worse after they have received a careless medical treatment from the defendant.

An independent intervening force also a person will be liable for only the aspects of foreseeable aspect of the incident cause it does not come from a direct response to the negligence

What ever someone could have not foreseen can not be liable for that part.

cognitive overload: having a lot on your mind impairs decision-making and tends to result in the simplest, but not necessarily best, option being selected.

empathy gaps: overlooking how you might feel in a different situation can result in unnecessary purchases, such as overbuying when shopping for food on an empty stomach.

optimism and overconfidence: wearing rose-tinted glasses and having unrealistic expectations about the future can affect money management and leave you unprepared for a change in circumstance.

instant gratification: seeking instant gratification drives impulsive spending and can undermine long-term planning and savings.

harmful habits: automatic or mindless behaviour can amplify a poor financial decision as it becomes a recurring event.

social norms: we are heavily influenced by the actions of others; while this can be in certain circumstances, it also contributes to the pressure to keep up with the joneses through conspicuous consumption.

a progressive tax is a tax that imposes a lower tax rate on low-income earners compared to those with a higher income, making it based on the taxpayer's ability to pay. that means it takes a bigger percentage from high income earners than it does from low income people.