A term used to describe the effect of $1 in cost savings increasing pretax profits by $1 and a $1 increase in sales increasing pretax profits only by $1 multiplied by the pretax profit margin.

Match the various steps in the creative process undertaken by the ad agency for developing the campaign for wpu, to the steps in young's model of the creative process.creative process in developing wpu's campaignyoung's modelafter intensive analysis of the data and several rounds of brainstorming, the agency executives decided to take a break from this project (the wpu campaign), and instead work on a different client's project before tackling the wpu project again.using a combination of animatics and storyboards, the ad agency conducted research with a representative sample of sixty target consumers to pretest the campaign theme and the creative execution.during a brainstorming session in the creative department, a copywriter's suggestion for a slogan for wpu was recognized as an excellent central idea that could drive the campaign for wpu.the account planning, account management and creative departments at the ad agency had a series of meetings and brainstorming sessions to discuss the creative brief and the results of all the primary and secondary research done with the target consumers.the account planning and the account management groups at the ad agency conducted primary research with a representative sample of the target segment and also studied secondary research data to gain insights required for the campaign development process.

The cost of capital: introduction the cost of capital: introduction companies issue bonds, preferred stock, and common equity to aise capital to invest in capital budgeting projects. capital is』necessary factor of production and like any other factor, it has a cost. this cost is equal to the select the applicable security. the rates of return that investors require on bonds, preferred stocks, and common equity represent the costs of those securities to the firm. companies estimate the required returns on their securities, calculate a weighted average of the costs of their different types of capital, and use this average cost for capital budgeting purposes. required return on rate: when calculating om operations when the firm's primary financial objective is to select shareholder value. to do this, companies invest in projects that earnselect their cost of capital. so, the cost of capital is often referred to as the -select -select and accruals, which a se spontaneously we hted average cost of capital wa c our concern is with capital that must be provided by select- 쑤 interest-bearing debt preferred stock and common equity. capital budgeting projects are undertaken, are not included as part of total invested capital because they do not come directly from investors. which of the following would be included in the caculation of total invested capital? choose the response that is most correct a. notes payable b. taxes payable c retained earnings d. responses a and c would be included in the calculation of total invested capital. e. none of the above would be included in the cakulation of total invested capital.

After the 2008 recession, the amount of reserves in the us banking system increased. because of federal reserve actions, required reserves increased from $44 billion to $60 billion. however, banks started holding more reserves than required. by january 2009, banks were holding $900 billion in excess reserves. the federal reserve started paying interest on the excess reserves that the banks held. what possible impact will these unused reserves have on the economy?