Many financial decisions require the analysis of uneven, or nonconstant, cash flows. stock dividends typically increase over time, and investments in capital equipment almost always generate uneven cash flows.

answer; i believe its (d) intrinsic;

answer; lags, push the econ below the natural level of output;

credit history is used by lenders to determine whether you are a 'risky' person to give their money to.

having a short history provide very little data for the lenders. they wouldn't be able to determine your credit behavior from such a small samples. even if they are perfect.

having long credit history with few blemishes provide larger and more accurate data for the lenders to predict your credit behavior.