Kaila, the owner of a costume shop, has a three-year strategic goal to serve 15 percent more customers and increase margins by 5 percent. To achieve this goal, she will lease the retail space next door. When she signs the lease and pays to remodel the space, this is an example of .

Crowding out is a phenomenon focused upon most by the macroeconomists of whereby a government deficit interest rates, which in turn private investment spending. this group also believed that fiscal policy is the only thing that can lower natural unemployment. is just as effective in countering recessions as monetary policy. can be used most of the time, but monetary policy becomes a better option when velocity is fluctuating. should be used only if the central bank follows a monetary policy rule. faces problematic lags in propagating changes throughout the economy.