Local livestock farmers could allow the runoff of manure nutrients into a stream that feeds a local lake because this helps farmers in the short term. However, farmers will act ethically in the short run to avoid harming others in the long run because this is also in the farmer's best long-term interests, is reflected by the approach to deciding ethical dilemmas.

a. egoism
b. virtue ethics
c. moral-rights
d. utilitarian
e. universalism