The challenge of cost-benefit analysis and the tragedy of the commons are two problems associated with which type of good?

Nonexcludable  goods

Explanation:

The cost-benefit analysis, in microeconomics, public economics and industrial economics, generically indicates the set of techniques for evaluating investment projects based on the measurement and comparison of all costs and benefits directly and indirectly connected to them. The analysis is generally conducted by reporting each input unit in elementary cost units and each output unit in elementary benefit units. Each of these units is then attempted to give the most objective value possible, thus making it measurable and comparable. The total cost, therefore, is the sum of the values of the individual units of elementary costs, while the total benefit is, similarly, the sum of the values of the individual units of elementary benefits. It is possible, with this system, to evaluate direct and indirect benefits and costs. In order to have reliable results, it is important to limit the units of elementary benefits and costs as realistic as possible and to evaluate these units using prices that are as objective as possible. The challenge is about how the individuals uses inappropriately the goods. The problem is the state or control mechanisms can not always forbid to free using of goods. This is free riding problem or common pool resources. If the common resources is considered, the analysis will have a challange.Common-pool resources - goods that are characterized by the inability to exclude users and the competitive nature of consumption. The first condition means that the good supplier cannot prevent others from using the good. The second condition means that the consumption of a good by an individual deprives others of the use of the good's qualities to expand their own benefits. Common pool goods are characterized by the fact that if they are used excessively, the good is able to lose its value or be completely degraded.

In economics, common pool goods are a kind of goods consisting of natural or man-made system resources (e.g. irrigation or fishing grounds) whose size or specificity makes them expensive, but not impossible to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from their using. Unlike pure public goods, the goods in the common pool are struggling with overload problems or their abuse because they are publicly available. Common pool goods usually consist of a resource core (e.g., water or fish), which defines a time variable, while providing a limited amount of extraction of secondary units, which are referred to as variable flow.

Examples of common pool goods include irrigation systems, fisheries, pastures, forests, water and atmosphere. Pasture, for example, allows a certain amount of grazing. However, in the event of excessive grazing, pasture may become more susceptible to erosion and ultimately bring fewer benefits to its users. These types of goods also include traffic routes such as streets. As long as there are few vehicles, everyone is moving smoothly, but when there are too many, traffic jams form and everyone goes slower.