Crowding out occurs when

a. increases in government spending cause interest rates to rise, reducing investment and consumption.
b. decreases in government spending cause interest rates to rise, reducing investment and consumption.
c. increases in taxes cause interest rates to rise, reducing investment and consumption.
d. increases in government spending cause interest rates to fall, reducing investment and consumption.
e. increases in investment and consumption cause interest rates to rise, reducing the ability of the government to borrow funds

Vulcan company is a monthly depositor whose tax liability for march 2019 is $2,510. 1. what is the due date for the deposit of these taxes? march 17 2. assume that no deposit was made until april 29. compute the following penalties. assume a 365-day year in your computations. round your answers to the nearest cent. a. penalty for failure to make timely deposits. $ b. penalty for failure to fully pay employment taxes $ c. interest on late payment (assume a 5% interest rate). $ d. total penalty imposed $

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Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.