Price leadership occurs if:

a) smaller firms in an industry silently agree to charge the same price as the largest firm.
b) two or more firms in an industry agree to fix the price at a given level.
c) competition among a large number of small firms generates a stable market price.
d) competition among a large number of small firms generates similar but slightly different prices.

The hawthorne works was a large western electric factory with 45,000 employees. during the 1920s and 1930s, hawthorne works was the site of some well-known industrial studies. in one of the studies, researchers investigated the impact of different working conditions on worker productivity. prior to the start of the study, researchers secretly measured workers' productivity for several weeks. then researchers chose two workers, who then chose their own teams. the teams were separated from the general workforce and completed their work in different experiment rooms where the researchers could observe them more easily. over a 5-year period researchers manipulated the structure of the workday for each team (number and duration of breaks and number of hours per shift). for each of these changes in working conditions, the researchers measured the effect on productivity. for some conditions, such as frequent short breaks, workers rebelled by intentionally decreasing productivity.why did the researchers secretly measure the workers' productivity before creating the two treatment groups? a, to create similar treatment groups so that a cause-and-effect relationship could be establishedb, to draw conclusions about the productivity of all workers in the plant based on the test groupsc, to directly control for confounding variablesd, to provide a baseline for measuring worker productivity

The year-end financial statements of calloway company contained the following elements and corresponding amounts: assets = $34,000; liabilities = ? ; common stock = $6,400; revenue = $13,800; dividends = $1,450; beginning retained earnings = $4,450; ending retained earnings = $8,400. based on this information, the amount of expenses on calloway's income statement was

When the price of pencils increases from $1.50 to $2.50, there is an increase in quantity demanded of pens from 100 to 150. the cross-price elasticity of demand between pencils and pens is: ?