Which of the following would constitute contractionary monetary policy by the fed?

a. open market sales of government securities, an increase in the discount rate, and an increase in reserve requirements
b. an increase in income tax rates, a cut in government spending, and an elimination of the investment tax credit
c. open market purchases of government securities, a cut in the discount rate, and an increase in reserve requirements
d. an increase in tariffs on imported goods and a decrease in foreign aid

b.  An increase in income tax rates, a cut in government spending, and an elimination of the investment tax credit

Explanation:

Contractuary fiscal policy is a form of financial policy that involves raising taxes, reducing government spending (expenditures),or fighting inflationary pressures. It will work when the inflationary gap happens on eh economy.

With the increase in taxes, households have less disposable income to spend. Low waste reduces consumption. Increasing taxes reduces the income that businesses can earn and reduces their investment costs. Consumption and private investment are part of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, this decline is enhanced by the multiplier effect.

Decreasing public expenditure is part of GDP directly reducing GDP (ie GDP = consumption + private investment + public spending + net exports). However, such a decline worsens as a result of consumption and other indirect components of GDP.

muslims control the north africa during the period of 1500 up

to 1800. they made a barrier to prevent further european exploration from

entering the africa from the north. however, the dutch ware still able to move

toward the interior with having south africa as one of the routes leading to

the east for trading with asia.

two years ago, when picking flowers in the mountains back of yosemite valley, i found a book. it was blotted and storm-beaten; all of its outer pages were mealy and crumbly. the paper seemed to dissolve like the snow beneath which it had been buried, however; many of the inner pages were well preserved. and although all were more or less stained and torn, whole chapters were easily readable. this is the condition of the great open book of yosemite glaciers today; its granite pages have been torn and blurred by the same storms that wasted the castaway book.

two years ago, when picking flowers in the mountains back of yosemite valley; i found a book. it was blotted and storm-beaten, all of its outer pages were mealy and crumbly. the paper seemed to dissolve like the snow beneath which it had been buried, however, many of the inner pages were well preserved. and although all were more or less stained and torn; whole chapters were easily readable. this is the condition of the great open book of yosemite glaciers today, its granite pages have been torn and blurred by the same storms that wasted the castaway book.