In india, only about 10% of men who shave use gillette razors. worldwide, 50% of male shavers use gillette products. to achieve greater penetration in india, gillette rolled out a no-frills brand that costs 15 rupees—about 34 cents. the gillette guard has a lighter handle that is cheaper to produce. it also lacks the lubrication strip found in gillette's more expensive razors, and replacement blades cost only 5 rupees (11 cents). this use of data and process are described as:

Suppose an economy consists of three sectors: energy (e), manufacturing (m), and agriculture (a). sector e sells 70% of its output to m and 30% to a. sector m sells 30% of its output to e, 50% to a, and retains the rest. sector a sells 15% of its output to e, 30% to m, and retains the rest.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

A.j. was a newly hired attorney for idle time gaming, inc. even though he reported directly to the president of the company, a.j. noticed that the president always had time to converse with the director of sales, calling on him to get a pulse on legal/regulatory issues that, as the company attorney, a.j. could have probably handled. a.j. also noted that the hr manager’s administrative assistant was the go-to person for a number of things that would make life easier at work. a.j. was recognizing the culture at idle time gaming.