__
15. an extemality is
a. an economic side effect of a good or service that generates benefits or costs to someone
other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume.
the total cost to society of producing an additional unit of a good or service.
c. the amount a consumer pays to consume an additional amount of any particular good.
d. a situation in which the market, on its own, does not distribute resources efficiently.

10. which of the following is true regarding preretirement inflation? a. defined-benefit plans provide more inflation protection than defined-contribution plans. b. because of preretirement inflation, possible investment-related growth is increased for defined-contribution plans. c. all types of benefits are designed to cope with preretirement inflation. d. preretirement inflation is generally reflected in the increase in an employee's compensation level over a working career.

Trecek corporation incurs research and development costs of $625,000 in 2017, 30 percent of which relate to development activities subsequent to ias 38 criteria having been met that indicate an intangible asset has been created. the newly developed product is brought to market in january 2018 and is expected to generate sales revenue for 10 years. assume that a u.s.–based company is issuing securities to foreign investors who require financial statements prepared in accordance with ifrs. thus, adjustments to convert from u.s. gaap to ifrs must be made. ignore income taxes. required: (a) prepare journal entries for research and development costs for the years ending december 31, 2017, and december 31, 2018, under (1) u.s. gaap and (2) ifrs. (c) prepare the entry(ies) that trecek would make on the december 31, 2017, and december 31, 2018, conversion worksheets to convert u.s. gaap balances to ifrs.

Stormie zanzibar owns a bakery in the fictitious country of olombia. each month the government’s market ministry mails her a large list of the regulated price of goods which include products like bread, muffins and flat bread. the list also dictates the types of goods she can sell at the bakery and what she is to charge. because of the regulations placed on these goods, stormie has increased her production of sweets, pies, cakes, croissants and buns and decreased her supply of breads, muffins and flat bread. she has taken these steps because the sweet goods’ prices are not government controlled. stormie zanzibar lives under what type of economy?