Time-series forecasting models:

a) are useful whenever changes occur rapidly and wildly
b) are more effective in making long-run forecasts than short-run forecasts
c) are based solely on historical observations of the values of the variable being forecasted
d) attempt to explain the underlying causal relationships which produce the observed outcome
e) none of the above

Sailcloth & more currently produces boat sails and is considering expanding its operations to include awnings for homes and travel trailers. the company owns land beside its current manufacturing facility that could be used for the expansion. the company bought this land 5 years ago at a cost of $319,000. at the time of purchase, the company paid $24,000 to level out the land so it would be suitable for future use. today, the land is valued at $295,000. the company has some unused equipment that it currently owns valued at $38,000. this equipment could be used for producing awnings if $12,000 is spent for equipment modifications. other equipment costing $490,000 will also be required. what is the amount of the initial cash flow for this expansion project?