What type of indicators should we look for to determine what is inherent and essential universal creational substantial empirical?

Acompany that uses the periodic inventory system provided the following information: 1. beginning inventory $ 5 comma 0002. purchases $ 150 comma 0003. purchase discounts $ 2 comma 1004. purchase returns and allowances $ 1 comma 000at the end of the period, the physical count of inventory reveals that $ 16 comma 000 worth of inventory is on hand. what is the amount of cost of goods sold?