When policy makers are constantly shifting back and forth between expansionary and restrictive monetary policy, this is most likely to
a. promote economic stability and stimulate employment.
b. keep the general level of prices relatively stable because the periods of restrictive policy will just offset the periods of expansion.
c. promote economic stability because changes in monetary policy can be counted on to exert a predictable impact on the economy quickly.
d. promote instability because the time lags of monetary policy are long and unpredictable.

The stock of grommet corporation, a u.s. company, is publicly traded, with no single shareholder owning more than 5 percent of its outstanding stock. grommet owns 95 percent of the outstanding stock of staple inc., also a u.s. company. staple owns 100 percent of the outstanding stock of clip corporation, a canadian company. grommet and clip each own 50 percent of the outstanding stock of fastener inc., a u.s. company. grommet and staple each own 50 percent of the outstanding stock of binder corporation, a u.s. company. which of these corporations form an affiliated group eligible to file a consolidated tax return?