Many local and national chain bookstores, such as borders and bookstar, have closed over the past few years. this is due in part to competition from e-book readers like amazon’s kindle and apple’s ipad, which permit the online purchase and download of digital books from their websites. moreover, subscribers to newspapers and magazines have cancelled their print subscriptions in favor of online news. these trends have caused the newspaper startribune to offer online content for $1.99 per week and newsweek to suspend its print edition in favor of an online only weekly edition. these companies had to change their an action triggered by the technological and social changes (reader preferences) that occurred in their marketing environments. strategic marketing processes marketing tactics business models goals or objectives organizational cultures