Revenue or income, minus departmental expenses and undistributed expenses equals:

Departmental income can be considered the contribution of revenues to profits because it is computed after deducting the direct costs of providing the service or product. Subtracting all of the undistributed operating expenses from total revenues results in gross operating profit per available room (GOPPAR).

The federal reserve took an expansionary approach during the crisis. this was done by expanding the money supply and boosting liquidity. this can be seen in the fed's actions of lending to banks, purchasing securities, and lowering the federal funds rate in order to lower overall interest rates. the fed's goal was to increase consumer spending and overall liquidity within the system, and they pursued this by expanding the supply of liquid money.