Biology, 22.07.2019 02:30 ahaug4869

The kidney's ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures: the cortex and the medulla. 2. this osmolarity gradient is maintained by both the passive transport and the active transport of filtrate. 3. the osmolarity gradient is also maintained by the passive transport of . 4. water responds to the osmolarity gradient by moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration--a process called . 5. osmosis does not require energy. for this reason, osmosis is a form of . 6. the loss of water from the results in urine t

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1. The kidney's ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures: the cortex and the medulla.
The answer is true. To concentrate urine, the kidney has to move some substance through the medulla and cortex cells. The osmolarity gradient of both structures will determine the capability to do it work.

2. this osmolarity gradient is maintained by both the passive transport and the active transport of NaCl.
The water will follow salt. By transporting the sodium chloride(salt), it will help inducing water movement in the latter phase. This will makes the urine concentrated as the water content is decreased. This mechanism will also help to retain body fluid in case of hypovolemia. There is Na/K atpase pump that actively moves sodium and potassium ion.

3. the osmolarity gradient is also maintained by the passive transport of Urea.
Urea is a hydrophobic molecule that can move between the membrane. Urea and ammonia will be able to diffuse in and out of the filtrate. In fact, one of the main function of urine production is to dump the urea because it is toxic to the body.
Urea also has active transport called urea transporter(UT-B and UT-2A) so it is not totally passive.

4. water responds to the osmolarity gradient by moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration--a process called osmosis.
The movement of solvent between semipermeable membrane is called osmosis. The substance that dissolved will attract water, makes the solution with higher concentration will attract water more than the solution with lower concentration.

5. osmosis does not require energy. for this reason, osmosis is a form of passive transportation.
The direction of osmosis is not against the gradient of concentration. This movement is not using energy so it is called passive transport. The opposite would be active transport that use energy to move a substance against the gradient of concentration.

6. the loss of water from the filtrate results in urine that highly concentrated
After the water is reabsorbed from the filtrate, it will leave the kidney as a highly concentrated urine. Note that the concentration of the urine depends on the fluid level of the body. If the body has an excess fluid, the urine will be diluted instead.

Answer from: Quest

the pic attached shows the stages of mitosis. hope it !

Answer from: Quest

explanation:

kim antonie lode clijsters[1] (dutch pronunciation: [kɪm ˈklɛistərs] (about this soundlisten); born 8 june 1983) is a belgian former professional tennis player. clijsters was a world no. 1 in both singles and doubles, having held both rankings simultaneously in 2003. she won a total of six grand slam tournament titles, four in singles and two in doubles.

clijsters competed professionally from 1997 to 2012 in an era where her primary rivals were compatriot justine henin and 23-time grand slam singles champion serena williams. coming from a country with limited success in men's or women's tennis, clijsters became the first belgian player to attain the no. 1 ranking. together with henin, she established belgium as a leading force in women's tennis as the two of them led their country to their first fed cup crown in 2001 and were the top two players in the world in late 2003. individually, clijsters won 41 singles titles and 11 doubles titles on the women's tennis association (wta) tour. she was a three-time winner of the wta tour championships. between singles and doubles, she was a champion at all four grand slam tournaments, winning the us open and the australian open in singles and wimbledon and the french open in doubles with ai sugiyama. her success at majors was highlighted by winning three consecutive appearances at the us open.

plagued by injuries and having lost some of her desire to compete, clijsters initially retired from tennis in 2007 at the age of 23 to get married and have a daughter. she returned to the sport two years later and won her second us open title as an unranked player in just her third tournament back. she defended her title the following year and then won the australian open in 2011 en route to becoming the first mother to be ranked no. 1 by the wta. along with margaret court, she also holds the record for most grand slam singles titles won as a mother with three and was the first to win one since evonne goolagong cawley in 1980. she officially retired from professional tennis after the 2012 us open.

clijsters was born to athletic parents with backgrounds in professional football and gymnastics. she was renowned for her athleticism, which was highlighted by her ability to perform splits on court in the middle of points. she built the offensive side of her game around controlled aggression while also using her exceptional movement to become an elite defensive player. clijsters was very popular and well-liked as a player, having won the karen krantzcke sportsmanship award eight times. she was inducted into the international tennis hall of fame in 2017.

contents

1 early life and background

2 junior career

3 professional career

3.1 1997–99: maiden wta title, newcomer of the year

3.2 2000–02: french open finalist, tour champion

3.3 2003: world no. 1 in singles and doubles

3.3.1 singles: two grand slam finals, tour championship defense

3.3.2 doubles: french open and wimbledon titles

3.4 2004–05: extended injury absence, first grand slam singles title

3.5 2006–07: return to no. 1, hastened retirement

3.6 two-year hiatus

3.7 2009–10: start of second career, back-to-back us open titles

3.8 2011–12: australian open champion, last reign at no. 1

4 national representation

4.1 fed cup

4.2 hopman cup

4.3 olympics

5 rivalries

5.1 clijsters vs. henin

5.2 clijsters vs. williams sisters

5.3 other rivals

6 exhibition matches

7 legacy

8 playing style

9 coaches

10 endorsements

11 personal life

12 career statistics

12.1 performance timelines

12.1.1 singles

12.1.2 doubles

12.2 grand slam tournament finals

12.2.1 singles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)

12.2.2 doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

12.2.3 mixed doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)

13 awards

14 see also

15 references

15.1 books

16 external links

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