Immediately after the filtrate passes through the bowman's capsule it enters the:

Renal tubule

The renal tubule is the part of the nephron which contains the filtrate after leaving the bowman's capsule. The filtrate moves to the collecting duct system after passing through the renal tubule. The components of the renal tubule are; (i) Proximal convoluted tubule, which help to increase the area of absorption (ii) Loop of Henle, which help to maintain the correct water balance in the body by filtering out salts (iii) Distal convoluted tubule and (iv) Connecting tubule.       

for the points

i believe it would cause an increase of percipitation, though i could be wrong. so i would say b is the answer.