What is the basic structure and function of a neuron?

Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, and they generate electrical signals called action potentials, which allow them to quickly transmit information over long distances.

The main portion of the neuron is called the soma, or cell body. In the center of the soma is the nucleus of the cell, which is where the chromosomes that contain all of the genetic material are stored. This is also the part of the cell that creates mRNA for cell replication.

Emerging from the soma are the dendrites and axons. The dendrites are, essentially, appendages that receive signals. Some CNS (central nervous system) dendrites have what are called dendritic spines, little knob-like structures that extend from the dendrite.