The short extensions of the cell wall shown in the picture are called a) pili. b) cilia. c) flagella. d) conjugation tubes.

The right answer is A) pili

Pilus (plural pili) is an extension of a protein located on the surface of the wall of many Gram-negative bacteria (and exceptionally Gram-positive bacteria), shorter and finer than flagella, they can not be involved in mobility. They are divided into two categories: the common pili and the sexual pili (which, despite this name, have nothing to do with reproduction, but rather with transmission and its coding).

Cilia is a wrong answer because the point of insertion of eyelashes and flagella is in the cytoplasm, in contact with the plasma membrane. So these are not extensions of the bacterial wall.

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.

the answer is c. it will give up it's valence electron to the other atom.