Astudent claims the phosphorylation cascade is not a necessary function of the signal transduction pathway in determining if a cellular response will occur. is the student correct? justify your response with a specific scientific example.

The student is wrong. Phosphorylation cascade is important in cell signaling. Most cell signaling involves cyclic AMP (synthesized from ATP). The cAMP activates Protein Kinases (PKA) that phosphorylates protein substrates involved in the signaling pathways such as the GPCR. This helps in amplifying the initial signal.

the relative atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of that element, relative to 1/12th of the mass of a  1212c atom. to convert to an absolute mass in kg, it is necessary to multiply by  1.661×10−271.661×10−27.

the relative atomic mass is roughly equal to the number of neutrons, plus the number of protons, in the nucleus of the atom.

for elements with more than one stable isotope (different types of nucleus with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons), the quoted mass is usually the average mass, weighted by the relative abundance of the different isotopes.

not only is it colder, it also becomes darker, less salty, and more dense.