Latrotoxin, produced by the poisonous black widow spider, increases the release of acetylcholine. how do muscle cells respond?

Latrotoxin produced by widow spider affects muscle nerve endings. This toxin forms pores on the membrane of the cell. As a consequence, an influx of Ca+ ions occurs and bursts of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) are released. Ach induces an increase in neuromuscular activity that leads to painful skeletal muscle spasms and later even paralysis.

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d concave shape of wave rock

explanation:

the concave shape of wave rock is a very good evidence that supports the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering. if we talk about structure of   wave rock, studies have estimated that it is around 2.7 billion years old. it also serves as the foundation of evidence that it was the place where australian continent began to form.

how the structure of wave rock was created?

studies suggest that structure of wave rock was created when the surrounded area was started to weather due to which deposition of material started on the part of land which now contains wave rock.

the structure of wave rock is considered to be one of the best-known landforms in australia. at the height of around 15 cm, there can be found flared slopes which formulate the margins of hyden rock. it is now assumed by geologists that wave rock was created by subsurface water-induced weathering and not by glaciers, waves or wind.

due to deposition of material over the period of long time, the wave rock became tougher and tougher due to weathering from surrounding terrain. this makes it a physical evidence that supports   the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering.

hope it !