Biology, 31.07.2019 10:00 ayeletstrauss

Many hormones are proteins used in cellular communication. each hormone carries a specific message to specific target cells. state why each of these hormones is able to deliver a different message.

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The reason as to why each hormone is able to deliver a different and very specific message is because each Hormone affects only specific cells that are called target cells, and also these target cells will bear a particular kind of receptor for a particular hormone. There is something called target cell specificity, such that hormones target a limited number of cells based on the presence of a specific receptor, as they circulate in the bloodstream. Target cells are capable of responding to hormones because they display receptors to which the circulating hormone can bind.

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interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle

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Mitochondria produce atp, a high energy compound. atp is used for all sorts of enzyme-mediated reactions, such as making proteins/nucleotides/etc, certain compounds cross the cell membrane, muscles move, etc. without this source of energy, a cell will die. it will not be able to repair itself, defend against pathogens, etc.

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