In order to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial matrix against concentration gradient, energy is needed. if we relate this to transport in the cell membrane across the phospholipid bilayer, it would most be like active transport. diffusion. facilitated diffusion. passive transport.

1 and 6 for apex

the answer is; comparing the frequency of collisions with and without the device

this makes the anti-collision system an independent variable and the collisions a dependent variable. if there are fewer collisions with an anti-collision system that without, then it can be stated that the system is a success. essentially, collisions under an anti-collision system are compared with the frequency of collisions by cars with the human drivers.