What is at the "heart" of hypothesis testing in statistics?

 From all sorts of different areas research is the “heart”, such as psychology, marketing and medicine, formulate hypotheses or claims about a population being studied.  Hypothesis testing is called a topic at the heart of statistics because of the technique belongs to a realm known as inferential statistics. 

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the three components of a nucleotide are the nitrogenous base, the phosphate group and the five-carbon sugar.