The traits of populations in the forest ecosystem have changed over time. what caused the traits to change?

How can antibodies "remember" a particular bacterial invader or "antigen" on that invader?

What is the next step in the process after a substrate enters the active site of an enzyme

Membrane vesicles containing an internal sodium chloride (nacl) concentration of 0.14 m are placed into separate beakers each containing a different solution. the first beaker contains 0.14 m sucrose, while the second beaker contains 0.14 m calcium chloride (cacl2). the temperature is 25°c. what is the solute potential inside the vesicles, expressed in units of mpa?